`Original Article
Frequency
of Cataract in Diabetic Verses Non-Diabetic Patients
Kiran Aslam, Muhammad
Sufyan Aneeq Ansari, Imran Khalid, Khurram Nafees
Pak J Ophthalmol 2019, Vol. 35, No. 1
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See end of article for authors affiliations …..……………………….. Correspondence to: Kiran Aslam Bsc.(Hons) Optometery & Orthoptics Department of Ophthalmology, Fatima Memorial Hospital Lahore Email: kiranaslam1103@gmail.com |
Purpose: To determine the frequency of
cataract in diabetic verses non-diabetic patients. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional
study. Place and Duration of Study: Eye Outpatients Department of
Fatima Memorial Hospital Lahore from December to March 2018. Material and Methods: Patients
between 20-50 years of age with and without diabetes were included in the
study. The diabetic patients included in the study had diabetes for at least
6-7 years. Patients with any other systemic disease and patients <20 years
and > 50 years were excluded from the study. All patients underwent a
complete eye examination including uncorrected and best corrected visual
acuity, refraction, dilated slit lamp and fundus examination. Results: A total of 194 patients were
examined. Average duration of diabetes was 6-7 years with age groups 20-35
years (34.02%) and 35-50 years (65.97%). There were 79 (79.79%) patients with
diabetes who had cataract while only 13 (13.68%) non- diabetic patients had
cataract. Most common type of cataract in diabetic patients was posterior
subcapsular cataract (PSCC) 43 (54.43%). This was followed by nuclear cataract
in 17 (21.51%) and cortical cataract in 14 (17.72%) patients. While in
non-diabetic patients nuclear cataract was seen in 6 (46.15%) patients and
cortical and PSCC were the same percentage 3 (23.07%). Cataract frequently
developed in the age group of 35-50 years in diabetic patients. Conclusion: Diabetic patients should be
screened for cataract early as PSCC can cause significant deterioration of
vision between 35-50 years. Keywords: Cataract, Diabetes Mellitus
(DM), Posterior Sub Capsular Cataract (PSCC), Nuclear Cataract (NC) and
Cortical Cataract (CC). |
Any opacity in the lens or in its capsule, either
congenital or acquired, unilateral or bilateral is commonly called cataract1.
Diabetes is characterized by fasting blood glucose level <70mg/dL2.
Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. It
is 2-5 times more in diabetic patients3. Co-existence of cataract
and diabetes mellitus results in overall 45% visual impairment4. In 2017, survey suggest
that cataract was the predominant cause contributing to severe VI (70%) and
blindness (57%)5. There is evidence that the risk of cataract
increases with increasing duration of diabetes and severity of hyperglycemia6.Even though aging is
another risk factor for development of cataract, while nutritional deficiencies,
trace metals, exposure to sunlight, smoking are also responsible for
development of cataract7.
According to WHO (World Health Organization) meaning of
blindness is “visual acuity of <3/60 using Snellen chart with the best
possible correction & visual field less than 10 degree”. In 2002, WHO
enlisted the cataract was one of the top leading cause of blindness. It was
presented as 47.9% cataract and 4.8% diabetic retinopathy. In Pakistan,
national survey on blindness reported in 2004-5, which concluded that 53%
cataract, 11% cataract related like aphakia and PCO and <0.5% diabetes
related blindness existed. Vision 2020 is worldwide activity to take out
primary driver of all preventable and treatable visual impairment continuously
20208. Predominance of visual impairment was higher because of
cataract in Punjab territory of Pakistan, particularly in rustic zones and
uneducated individuals. The predominance of cataract was higher in ladies than
men (1.80% versus 1.67%,
p < 0.001). There are around 570 000 grown-ups (225 000 men and 345 000
ladies) who are visually impaired from cataract in Pakistan, which will be
increment to 1 210 000 continuously 2020.9
Pervasiveness of cataract causing < 6/60 in eyes was 5.0%, around 3 560 000
eyes in Pakistan (year 2003). The number is anticipated to increment to 7 380
000 continuously 2020. Around 2 million individuals are visually impaired in
Pakistan. Cataract is in charge of 66.7% visual impairment in Pakistan10.
In Pakistan 6.9 million individual are affected by
diabetes. With the international diabetes federation evaluating that this
number will develop to 11.5 million by 2025 unless measures are taken to
control the susceptive disorders. This is the principle explanation behind
profoundly required pharmacological intercession that will keep up the
transparency of lens; it is assessed that a deferral in cataract development of
around 10 years would diminish the commonness of outwardly incapacitating
cataract by around 45%11.
Dominant part of cataract patient's vision
could be reestablished to an attractive level by carefully expelling the lens
and substituting it with a lens made of manufactured polymers12.Phacoemulsification
is protected and successful method with great visual result whenever performed
in experienced hands under fastidious sterilization and aseptic measures.13 The rate of cataract is
large to the point that medical procedure alone has been discovered
insufficient in tackling this issue. Diabetic patient must need observing of
fundus consistently after at regular intervals12.
MATERIAL
AND METHODS
This is descriptive cross-sectional
study included 194 diabetic and non-diabetic patients randomly presented in the
medical OPD of Fatima Memorial Hospital in 2017. Eligibility criteria were as
followed: age between 20-50 years old, diabetic patients with at least 6-7 year
duration of diabetes. The duration of diabetes was taken as the period from the
diagnosis of DM to the day of examination for cataract surgery as informed by
the patient. The patients with age < 20 and
> 50 were excluded in this study. The capacity to give data about
vision and consent to answer a survey about socioeconomics, diabetic
entanglements and other restorative determination and medicines utilized. In
the wake of taking patient's consent and noting the survey all subjects underwent
a complete eye examination, including uncorrected and best corrected visual
acuity, refraction, dilated slit lamp and fundus examination. Individual with
any other systemic and ocular diseases were excluded. After taking patient's
history, subjects were classified into diabetic and non-diabetic, diagnosis
made by general physician. Visual examination including visual acuity &
pinhole testing was done monocularly at six meter distance using snellen chart.
An improvement of visual acuity with pinhole was considered refractive error
and visual acuity of ≤ 6/12 was regarded as reduced vision. Patient’s visual
assessment data was recorded on well defined proforma. After taking consent
patient was dialated with tropicamide (Mydriacyl 1%) and were examined by
ophthalmologist to decide the presence and absence of cataract and the type of
cataract using a slit lamp. The following variables were assessed; presence of
diabetes, presence of cataract and type of cataract. Pearson's chi square test
was utilized for catagorical factors. The p value was viewed as noteworthy if
p-value<0.05. After examination, diabetic patients with cataract were referred
to ophthalmologist for monitoring impacts of cataract on vision, make regular
follow-ups to monitor the fundus for diabetic retinopathy and for surgical plan
in correspondence to cataract severity.
RESULTS
The data was entered and analyzed in SPSS 20.0 version.
All quantitative variables age distribution was discussed in Mean ± standard deviation form. All
qualitative variables like gender, diabetes, cataract and its type was
discussed in frequency or percentage form.
In this study, one hundred and
ninety-four (n = 194) patients were enrolled including diabetic and
non-diabetic patients. In both genders, the prevalence of cataract was found to
be decreased initially by
Table 1: Distribution
of Cataract in Subjects.
|
Presence of Cataract |
Absence of Cataract |
Total |
P-Value |
Subjects |
92
(47.4%) |
102
(52.6%) |
194 |
|
Male |
29
(38.66%) |
46
(16.33%) |
75 |
0.036* |
Female |
63
(52.94%) |
56
(47.05%) |
119 |
|
Age
(20-35) |
6
(9.1%) |
60
(90.9%) |
66 |
0.000* |
(35-50) |
86
(67.2%) |
42
(32.8%) |
128 |
|
Table 2:
Relative risk of Cataract in Diabetics verses Non-Diabetics
Cataract |
Diabetic |
Non- Diabetic. Total P-Value |
Present |
79
(85.9%) |
13 (14.1%) 92 |
Absent Age (20-35) (36-50) |
20
(19.6%) 8
(12.1%) 91
(71.1%) |
82 (80.4%) 102 0.001* 58(87.9%) 66 37 (28.9%) 128 |
Total |
99 |
95 |
group 20-35 years and then increased in ≥ 40 years group. Cataract is more typical in female when
contrasted with male as appeared in table: 1 by applying chi square test outcomes
were critical with
p value < 0.05.
Frequency of cataract in diabetic
patients with age groups shown in the table 2.
Table 3: Distribution of Cataract Type in Diabetics verses
Non-Diabetics
Type of
Cataract |
Diabetic |
Non-Diabetic |
PSCC |
43
(54.43%) |
3
(23.07%) |
Early
lenticular changes |
5
(6.32%) |
1 (7.69%) |
Nuclear
Cataract |
17
(21.51%) |
6 (46.15%) |
Cortical
Cataract |
14
(17.72%) |
3 (23.07%) |
Total |
79
(100.0%) |
13 (100.0%) |
Graph 1: Type of Cataract in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients.
Presence of diabetes and cataract is shown in the table 2
by applying chi square test result showed that Diabetes is significantly
associated with cataract with P value 0.001 at 5% margin of error with 95%
confidence interval. The outcomes were critical with
p value <0.05.
Table 3 shows; out of 99 diabetic patients, the most
common type of cataract was PSCC 43 (54.43%).
Out of 95 non-diabetic patients, the
most common type was nuclear cataract 6 (46.15%) as shown in table 3.
DISCUSSION
Duration of diabetes and age is a hazard factor for
advancement of cataract in diabetic patients. Charles et al. examine
in 2003 in which normal term of diabetes was 7 years and the time of diagnosis
was 46.5 years.14 While
in present examination, the span of diabetes was 6-7 years. Although in present
study age was classified into two groups 20-35 &36-50 years. Results showed
that subjects in 20-35 years, 6 (9.1%) had cataract. While subjects in 36-50
years, 86 (67.2%) were presented with cataract including diabetic and non-diabetic.
Cataract was more in age between 36-50 years. Thus, result of both studies are
almost equal.
In 2003 Charles et al. reported prevalence of cataract
44.9% in West African type 2 diabetic patients which is almost half as compared
to in our population14.In present study diabetic cataract was
present in 79 (85.9%) and absent in 20 (19.6%). Although in non-diabetic
patients cataract was present in 13 (14.1%) and absent in 82 (80.4%) patients. Diabetes
is the major risk factor for cataract.
When considering the higher prevalence of diabetes
mellitus in females, it follows that the incidence of diabetic cataract would
be higher in females than male. Sung et al.in 2006 reported that two groups of
diabetic patients, one was control group and the other was cataract group. The
author (s) concluded that females were more common in cataract group than
control group.12 Similar
to present study in which prevalence of diabetes and cataract was more in
females than male. Out of 194 patients 63 (52.94%) females and 29 (38.66) male
were presented with cataract. In term of relationship between diabetes and
gender, the increased incidence of diabetic cataract were appeared in females.
In 2012 Eydis conducted study on prevalence of cataract in
a population with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. According to author 274
patients were diagnosed with diabetes and 256 controlled. Three types of
cataract was observed 65.5% cortical, 42.5% PSCC and 48% nuclear cataract in
type 2 diabetes15.Similarly to compare most recent studies, Patricia
et al. conducted study in 2017 on pre-senile cataract in diabetic Patients. The
hypothesis of Patricia was a cortical cataract is more common in diabetic
population. Patricia looked at the discoveries of best quality level LOCS III
(lens opacity classification system III) with scheimpflug target measures in a
presenile population. Author(s) concluded that out of 43 diabetic patients
88.4% were having sub capsular cataract, 52.3% cortical and 7% nuclear cataract
that is twice as compared to present study16.While in 2010 Rajiv
Raman concluded that among the monotype cataracts, CC was the most common
subtype in patients with type 2 DM (15.1%). In the mixed cataracts, the
combination of NC, CC, and PSC was the most common (19.5%)17.
Results of present study shows for diabetic as well as for
non-diabetic patients. It shows significant association between diabetes and
PSCC. In this study 43 (54.43%) PSCC, 14 (17.72%) cortical and 17 (21.51%)
nuclear cataract in diabetic patients that was definitely higher than previous
study. While in non-diabetic patients 3 (23.07%) were present with PSCC, 1
(7.69%) present with early lenticular changes, 6 (46.15%) present with nuclear
cataract and cortical cataract was 3 (23.07%).Subsequently, early improvement
of pharmacological and careful methods for cataract anticipation ought to be
one of the fundamental needs for future cataract examine. These intercessions
must encouraging to overcome the expanding
pervasiveness of cataract in diabetic patients18.
Currently the only available
treatment for disease is surgical removal of opaque lens and followed by
replacement with synthetic implants. Efforts have been taken to explore the
traditional medicine to delay and retard the progression of cataract. Several
numbers of plants and synthetic compounds has been reported to possess
anti-cataract activity.19Success
rate of cataracts surgery, without serious complications and improved vision is
possible with the advanced surgical procedure and with the aid of equipment’s.20 However, most common side
effects reported in the post-surgical treatment was inflammatory reaction and
cystoid macular oedema21.
CONCLUSION
Cataract was present 79% in defined
population. This study shows that there is high frequency of cataract in
diabetic patients which can be avoided its consequences delayed if they are
timely referred to ophthalmologist to diagnose and manage early for better
visual outcomes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I paid my tributes and thank to Miss
Tayyaba Rahat for encouragement and support from the initial to the final level
of this work. Special thank for helping me in statistical analysis.
Conflict
of Interest
Approved by ethical committee &
IRB of institute.
Funding
Sources
Self-funded Hospital data was used.
Authors
Affiliation
Kiran Aslam
Bsc.(Hons) Optometery & Orthoptics
FMH College of Medicine &
Dentistry
Dr. Muhammad Sufyan Aneeq Ansari
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
Fatima Memorial Hospital Lahore
Imran Khalid
Orthoptist BSVS, M.phil (Sch), CRCP
Services Hospital Lahore
Dr. Khurram Nafees
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology,
Fatima Memorial Hospital Lahore
Author’s
Contribution
Kiran Aslam
Substantial Contribution in
conception, designing, acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data.
Dr. Muhammad Sufyan Aneeq Ansari
Final approval of manuscript.
Imran Khalid
Manuscript drafting & revision
for intellectual content.
Dr. Khurram Nafees
Contribution in conception &
designing of manuscript.
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